=> TEXT Editor
# Mode Change
i - insert mode
ESC - exit insert mode
ZZ - save and quit
:wq - save and quit
:q! - quit without saving
# Navigation
h - left
j - down
k - up
l - right
$ - end of line
0 - beginning of line
# Text Modification
dw - delete the current line yy - copy the current line
p - paste the buffer below the current line
=> Disk Basics
Naming the disk
DEVICE
ad ATA
da SCSI
fd FLOPPY DISK
SLICE
s1 Slice1 Similar to partition in Linux
s2 Slice2
PARTITIONS
a hda1 ad0s1a /
b hda2 ad0s1b swap
d hda3 ad0s1d /tmp
e hda4 ad0s1e /var
f hda5 ad0s1f /usr
g hda6 ad0s1g /backup
h hda7 ad0s1h /home
Listing the Disk
# fdisk ad0
Mounting and Unmounting
(Default file system in UFS)
# mount /dev/ad0s1g /mnt/home
# umount /mnt/home
Disk Usage
# df -h
=> Handling Network
Configuring IPs
Setting Default IP
# ifconfig rl0 IP
Adding IP alias
# ifconfig rl0 IP netmask 255.255.255.0 alias
This can be done using the file /etc/rc.conf by appending the line as below
ifconfig_ETH=”inet IP netmask MASK”
ifconfig_ETH_alias0=”inet IP netmask MASK”
ifconfig_ETH_alias1=”inet IP netmask MASK”
ETH : rl0(RealTek), fxp1(Intel XPro), sis1(Silicon)
# /etc/netstart
This command restarts the network
Some important network configuration files
# /etc/hosts (Hostname)
# /etc/services (Service names)
# /etc/resolv.conf (Resolver IP)
# /etc/host.allow (Allow IP list)
=> Ports/Packages
FreeBSD ports are the best software collections that can be installed very easily and efficiently.
The packages are found in the folder /usr/ports/
Eg:- wget
Finding the location of a port.
# cd /usr/ports
# make search name=wget
Installing softwares using ports.
# cd /usr/ports/ftp/wget
# make install clean
Uninstalling softwares using ports.
# make deinstall
PACKAGES (Works similar to yum, rpm in Linux Servers)
Eg:- exim
Download the package from ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/
Installing using pkg_add
# pkg_add exim4.69.tgz
Deleting using pkg_delete
# pkg_delete exim4.69
All packages' information is stored in the folder /var/db/pkg
Upgrading the ports
# portupgrade PKG_NAME Or
# portmanager PKG_NAME
=> Firewall
IPFW : IPFirewall
IPFW is the basic firewall of FreeBSD
Enabling Firewall
Add firewall_enable=”YES” in /etc/rc.conf
Rule set
Firewall rule set is in the file /etc/rc.firewall
Commands
Basically command follows this syntax
C R A L S
C: Command
add
R: Rule Num
A: Action
allow, accept, pass, permit
deny, drop
L: Log (/var/log/security)
S: Selection
It has many sub parts and is given in the next slide.
SELECTION
Protocol: (/etc/protocols)
tcp, udp, icmp
From Source to Destination:
from SRC to DST
SRC/DST : any, me, 0.0.0.0, 0.0.0.0/0
Port number: (/etc/services)
Chain:
in, out
Route:
via INF
INF (Interface): rl0, fxp2
Session:
setup
Match state:
keep-state
A simple rule can be as follow:
# ipfw -q add 123 deny tcp from 192.168.1.22 to me 80 in via rl0 keep-state
Listing the Firewall rules.
# ipfw list
Flushing the rules
# ipfw flush
All the rules can be gathered in a script and can be stored in /etc/ipfw.rules
#!/bin/sh
cmd="ipfw -q add"
if=rl0
ks="keep-state"
ipfw flush
$cmd 100 deny from 192.168.1.22 to me in via $if $ks
=> Miscellaneous
SHELLS
Default shell of FreeBSD is C shell(.chshrc, .chsh_history are the shell files). The environmental variables are set as follows.
# setenv JAVA_HOME “/usr/local/jdk”
To change the shell
# chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash
# echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells
# chsh
CRONS
# crontab -l
Crons are found in the folder /etc/periodic/
User crons are loacted in the folder /var/cron/tabs/
EDITING PASSWORD FILE
For editing password file in FreeBSD we use vipw
# vipw
# pwd_mkdb
CHANGING ATTRIBUTES
(similar to lsattr, chattr in Linux)
# chflags ATTRIB FILENAME
ATTRIB:
schg/noschg immutable
sunlnk/nosunlnk undeletable
Check this attributes by ls -lo
STARTUP SCRIPTS
The basic service scripts are in the folder /etc/rc.d/ and the applications loaded later like apache, exim etc. have their startup scripts in /usr/local/etc/rc.d/
ADDING LINUX COMPATIBILITY
a) Enable Kernel Loadable Module (KLD)
# kldload linux
b) Append linux_enable="YES" in /etc/rc.conf
c) Install Linux runtime libraries
# cd /usr/ports/emulators/linux_base-fc4
# make install clean
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